Retraction and Withdrawal

The journal is committed to maintaining the integrity and reliability of the scholarly record. In cases where a published article must be retracted, the journal will follow the guidelines of the Committee on Publication Ethics (COPE).

Reasons for Retraction

An article may be retracted for reasons including, but not limited to:

• Significant plagiarism;

• Fabrication, falsification, or manipulation of data;

• Fundamental errors in methodology, analysis, or interpretation that invalidate the study’s conclusions.

Retraction Procedure

The retraction process will be conducted transparently. A “Notice of Retraction” will be published and permanently linked to the retracted article, clearly stating the reason(s) for retraction.

Retracted articles will not be removed from the journal archive but will be clearly marked as “Retracted” to preserve the integrity of the academic record.