Hagar Between the Scriptures: Qur'an–Bible Contrasts, Convergences, and the Challenge of Interfaith Dialogue

Abstract

This article presents a comparative theological exploration of the figure of Hagar (Hājar) in both the Qur'ān and the Bible. While the Biblical tradition often portrays Hagar as a marginalized servant expelled by Sarah, Islamic tradition reveres her as a lawful wife of Abraham and a pivotal mother of Ishmael. Drawing upon scriptural texts and classical exegetes such as al-Rāzi, al-Ṭabari, Ibn Kathir, etc. This study highlights both the divergences and convergences in the representation of Hagar across the two traditions. Theologically, Hagar emerges as a symbol of resilience, divine reliance, and maternal sacrifice. Her role is not merely historical but spiritual, particularly evident in the Islamic ritual of Sa’i. More significantly, this paper argues that Hagar serves as a bridge for interfaith dialogue, representing shared values of suffering, hope, and divine compassion that resonate deeply within Judaism, Christianity, and Islam. This study contributes to the discourse on Abrahamic kinship and the importance of scriptural empathy in fostering religious understanding.