IKHWANUL MUSLIMIN DAN DEMOKRASI DI MESIR
DOI:
https://doi.org/10.30631/tjd.v16i2.55Keywords:
Ikhwanul Muslimin, al-Banna, Mesir, Demokrasi, Kolonialisme, FundamentalismeAbstract
Demokirasi di negara-negara mayoritas muslim bergulir sejak berakhirnya perang dunia II, bukan hanya kalangan sekuler yang mengikuti Pemilu namun gerakan Islam seperti Ikhwanul Muslimin yang dicap radikal dan identik dengan terorisme juga mengambil bagian dalam pesta demokrasi di Mesir, Walau harus berhadapan dengan pemimpin otoriter dan mengalami berbagai macam teror, penyiksaan dan pembunuhan, gerakan Islam ini tetap istiqomah bahkan pada akhirnya mendapatkan kepercayaan masyarakat Mesir.
Democratization in Muslim-majority countries has been running since the end of World War II, not just secularists who participated in the elections but Islamic movements like the Muslim Brotherhood stamped as radical and identical with terrorism also took part in the democratic party in Egypt. Despite having to deal with authoritarian leaders and experienced various kinds of terror, torture and murder, this Islamic movement still istiqomah even in the end get the trust of Egyptian society.
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Thaba, Abdul Aziz. Islam dan Negara Dalam Politik Orde Baru ,Jakarta: Gema Insani Press, 1996.
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Yavuz, M. Hakan. Secularism and Muslim Democract in Turkey , Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 2009.
Al-Dallāl, Abdullāh Sāmī Ibrāhīm. Al-Islāmiyy ūn wa al-DīmuqrāŢiyyah fī Mișr: ‘Așfun wa Ramīmun, Kairo: Maktabah Madbūlī, 2006.
Al-Kawākibī, Abdurraḥmān. Ţabāi‘ al-Istibdād wa Mașāri‘ al-Isti‘bād, Damaskus: Al-Awāil, 2003.
Al-Mawardi, Al-Ahkam as-Sulthaniyah wa al-Wilayah ad-Diniyyah Vol. 5, Lebanon: Dar Al-Fikr, 1994.
Armanjani, Jon. Modern Islamist Movements: History, Religion, and Politics, United Kingdom: Wiley-Blackwell, 2012.
Ayyubi, Nazih N. M. “The Political Revival of Islam: The Case of Egypt,” in An Anthology of Contemporary Middle Eastern History,, Canada: Canadian International Development Agency.
Baigent, Michael. Richard Leigh, Henry Lincoln, The Messianic Lagacy, New York: Dell Publishing, 1986.
Boroumand, Ladan. and Roya Boroumand, “Terror, Islam, and Democracy,” Journal of Democracy 13 (April, 2002)
Borritt, Gabor S. dan Bradley R. Hoch, The Lincoln Trail in Pennsylvania, Pennsylvania: Pennsylvania State University Press, 2001.
Budiardjo, Miriam. Dasar – dasar Ilmu Politik, Jakarta: Gramedia, 1986.
Cox, Harvey. The Secular City, New York: The Macmillan Company, 1966.
Dault, Adhyaksa. Islam dan Nasionalisme Reposisi Wacana Universal Dalam Konteks Nasional, Jakarta: Pustaka Al-Kautsar, 2005.
Engineer, Asghar Ali. Asal-Usul dan Perkembangan Islam, Analisis pertumbuhan Sosio-Ekonomi (ter.), Yogyakarta: Insist, 1999.
Esposito, John L. dan John Obert Vol.l, Islam and Democracy, New York: Oxford University Press, 1996.
------, and John O. Voll, Islam and Democracy, Oxford: Oxford University Press, 1996.
------, Islam dan Pembaharuan, Penerjemah Machnun Husein, Jakarta: CV Rajawali, 1984.
Ghadbian, Najib. Democratization and the Islamist Challenge in the Arab World, Boulder, CO and Oxford: Westview Press, 1997.
Halpern, Manfred. The Politics of Social Change in the Middle East and North Africa , Princeton: University Press, 1963.
Hamdi, Mohamed Elhachmi. “Islam and Democracy: The Limits of the Western Model,” Journal of Democracy, 7 (April 1996).
Hamid, Shadi. “The Rise of the Islamists: How Islamists Will Change Politics, and Vice Versa,” in The New Arab Revolt, New York: The Council of Foreign Relations, 2011.
Harun, Musa. al Hukmi fi Islam, Mesir: Dar al- Kitab al-Arabi al Ghazirah, 1963.
Hefner, Robert W. Remaking Muslim Politics: Pluralism, Contestation, Demoratization, New Jersey: Princenton University Press, 2004.
Hilmy, Masdar. Islamism and Democracy in Indonesia: Piety and Pragmatism, Singapore: Institute of Southeast AKehsian Studies, 2010.
Huntington, Samuel P. The Clash of Civilization and the Remaking of World Order, New York: Simon and Schuster, 1996.
Husaini, Adian. Wajah Peradaban Barat, Dari Hegemoni Kristen ke Dominasi Sekuler-Liberal, Jakarta: Gema Insani Press, 2005.
Imarah, Muhammad. Mencari Format Peradaban Islam, Jakarta: Raja Grafindo Persada, 2005.
Ismail, Salwa. “Being Muslim: Islam, Islamism and Identity Politics,” Goverment and Opposition 39, no. 4 (2004).
Lapidus, Ira M. Sejarah Sosial Umat Islam, bagian ketiga, Jakarta: Rajawali Press, 1988.
Lewis, Bernard. dalam The Shaping of the Modern Middle East, New York: Oxford University Press, 1994.
McLeod, Hugh. (ed), The Decline of Christendom in Western Europe,1750-2000, Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 2005.
Mernissi, Fatima. Islam and Democracy: Fear of the Modern World (Reading: Addision-Walley, 1992).
Mitchell, Richard P. The Society of the Muslim Brothers, London: Oxford University Press, 1969.
Mujani, Saiful. Muslim Demokrat; Islam, Budaya Demokrasi, dan Partisipasi Politik di Indonesia Pasca-Orde Baru, Jakarta: Gramedia Pustaka Utama, 2007.
Natsir, Mohammad. Agama dan Negara dalam Perspektif Islam, Jakarta: Media Dakwah 2001.
Qardhawi, Yusuf. Sekuler Ekstrim. Jakarta: Pustaka al-Kautsar, 2000.
Rais, M. Amin. “Kata Pengantar” dalam John J. Donohue dan John L. Esposito, Islam dan Pembaharuan, Jakarta: CV Rajawali, 1984.
Roy, Olivier. The Failure of Political Islam, translated by Carol Volk, Cambridge, MA: Harvard University Press, 1994.
Shehata, Dina. “The Fall of the Paraoh: How Hosni Mubarak’s Reign Came to an End,” in The New Arab Revolt: What Happend, What it Means, and What Comes Next, New York: Foreign Affairs, 2011.
Smith, Brian Clive. Understanding Third World Politics: Theories of Political Change and Development, Indiana USA: Indiana University Press, 2003.
Smith, Donald Eugene. Agama dan Modernisasi Politik, Penerjemah Drs. Machnun Husen, Jakarta: CV. Rajawali.
Stepan, Alfred and Graeme B. Robertson, “Arab, Not Muslim, Exceptionalism, Journal of Democracy, 15 (October 2004).
Surbakti, Ramlan. Memahami Ilmu Politik, Jakarta: Grasindo, 1993.
Suryanegara, Ahmad Mansur. Api Sejarah–Mahakarya Perjuangan Ulama dan Santri dalam Menegakkan Negara Kesatuan Republik Indonesia , Cetakan III, Bandung: Salamadani Pustaka Semesta, 2010.
Syari’ati, Ali. Islam Mazhab Pemikiran dan Aksi, Bandung: Mizan, 1995.
Tamimi, Azzam. “Islam and Democracy from Tahtawi to Ghannouchi,” Theory, Culture and Society 24 (Mach 2007).
Thaba, Abdul Aziz. Islam dan Negara Dalam Politik Orde Baru ,Jakarta: Gema Insani Press, 1996.
Wärn, Strindberg Anders and Mats. Islamism, United Kingdom: Polity Press, 2011.
Waterbury, John. “Democracy without Democrats?: the Potensial for {Political Liberalization in the Middle East,” in Democracy without Democrats?: The Renewal of Politics in the Muslim World (New York: I. B. Tauris, 2011).
Yavuz, M. Hakan. Secularism and Muslim Democract in Turkey , Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 2009.
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2018-01-20
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How to Cite
IKHWANUL MUSLIMIN DAN DEMOKRASI DI MESIR. (2018). TAJDID: Jurnal Ilmu Ushuluddin, 16(2), 191-208. https://doi.org/10.30631/tjd.v16i2.55
