MASYARAKAT SIPIL MALAYSIA: MOMENTUM DAN KEMUNCULANNYA
DOI:
https://doi.org/10.30631/tjd.v15i1.32Keywords:
Masyarakat Sipil, Demokrasi, Politik BaruAbstract
Artikel ini membahas tentang gerakan masyarakat sipil di Malaysia. Perbincangan tersebut penting karena dua sebab. Pertama, masyarakat sipil lahir karena menuntut perubahan politik ke arah keterbukaan yang berkeadilan. Gerakan ini lah yang menjadi pondasi lahirnya protes masyarakat terhadap pemerintah yang berkuasa. Atas dasar ini juga, satu pertanyaan mucul dalam perbincangan artikel ini, apa yang dimaksud dengan masyarakat sipil? Dan bagaimana sejarah kemunculannya di Malaysia? Kedua, apa hubungannya masyarakat sipil dengan perubahan politik? Hujah artikel ini mendapati masyarakat sipil adalah penyumbang penting bagi terbentuknya opini masyarakat bagi terciptanya perubahan negara ke arah yang lebih terbuka. Ini karena mereka memiliki kemampuan untuk melawan, membantah dan mengkritik sikap otoriter negara terhadap masyarakat.
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Bedau, H.A. Civil Disobedience and Personal Responsibility for Injustice. dalam H.A. Bedau (pnyt.). Civil Disobedience in Focus. London: Routledge, 1991.
Bryant, C. Civic Nation, Civil Society, Civil Religion. Cambrigde: Cambridge University Press. 1995.
Case, William. 1993. Malaysia: The Semi-democratic Paradigma. Asian Studies Review 17: 75-82.
Chandhoke, N. State and Civil Society: Exploration in Political Theory. London: Sage Publication, 1995.
Diamond, L. Rethinking Civil Society: Toward Democratic Consolidation. Journal of Democracy 5 (3): 151-169, 1994.
Diamond, L. 1999. Developing Democracy: Toward Consolidation. Baltimore: The John Hopkins University Press.
Dori Efendi. “Perjalanan Demokratisasi Malaysia: Kronologi Singkat.” Jurnal Civicus 16 (1), 2005.
Eyermen, R. & Jamison, A. 1999. Social Movement: a Cognitive Approach. Pennsylvania: Pennsylvania State University Press.
Franco, J.C. Elections and democratization in the Philippines. New York: Routledge, 2001.
Gatsiounis, I. Beyond The Veneer: Malaysia’s Struggle for The Dignity and Direction. Singapore: Monsoon, 2008.
Gupta, K. Civil Society: An Inquiry Into the Usefulness of an Historical term. British Journal of Sociology, 44 (3), 2001.
James Chin & Wong Chin Huat. 2009. “Malaysia’s Electoral Upheaval.” Journal of Democracy 20(3): 71-85.
Johan Saravanamuttu. A Tectonic Shift in Malaysian Politics. dalam Ooi Kee Beng, Johan Saravanamuttu & Lee Hock Guan (pnyt.). March 8: eclipsing May 13, Singapore: Institute of Southeast Asian Studies, 2008.
Katsiaficas, N.G. Asia's Unknown Uprisings: People Power in the Philippines, Burma, Tibet, China, Taiwan, Bangladesh, Nepal, Thailand, and Indonesia, 1947-2009. Taiwan: PM Press, 2012.
Leo, Agustino. Pendemokrasian di Indonesia: Daripada Orde Baru Kepada Orde Reformasi. Tesis Ph.D. Universiti Kebangsaan Malaysia, 2010.
Loh, K. W. Developmentalism and The Limits of Democratic Discourse. In Democracy in Malaysia: Discourses and practices, eds. K. W. Loh and B. T. Khoo. Richmond, Surrey: Curzon Press, 2002.
Mauzy, D.K. Malay Political Hegemony and Coercive Consociational. dalam J. McGray & B. O’Leary (pnyt). The Politics of Etnic Conflict Regulation, 106-127. London: Routladge, 1993.
Maznah Mohamad. Malaysia-democracy and The End of Ethnic Politics? Australian Journal of International Affairs 62(4), 2008.
Miller, Jr., F.D. Natural Law, Civil Society and Government. Dlm. B. Rosenblum & R.C. Post (Pnyt.). Civil Society And Governmnet, 187215. Princeton: Princeton University Press, 2002.
Naori, G. The making of the Tunisian Revolution, Contexts, Architects, Prospects. Edinburgh University Press, 2013.
O’Rourke, K. Reformasi: The Struggle for Power in Post-Soeharto Indonesia. Sydney: Allen & Unwin, 2002.
Philip, F. Kelly. Developing dissent in industrializing localities: civil society in Penang and Batam. dalam Ariel, Heryanto & Sumit, K. Mandal (pnyt) Challenging Authoritarianism In Southeast Asia: Comparing Indonesia And Malaysia. RoudledgeCurzon: London And New York, 2003.
Saravanamuttu, J. Malaysian Civil Society–Awakenings? in Risking Malaysia: Culture, Politics and Identity, eds. Maznah Mohamad and S. K. Wong. Bangi: Penerbit Universiti Kebangsaan Malaysia, 2001.
Scalet, S. & Schmidtz, D. State, Civil Society, And Classical Liberalism. dalam B. Rosenblum & R.C. Post (Pnyt.). Civil Society And Governmnet. Princeton: Princeton University Press, 2002.
Vohra, R. The Making of India: A Political History. New York: Routledge, 2014.
Weiss, M. and Saliha Hassan. Social Movement in Malaysia: From Moral Communities to NGOs. London: Routledge, 2003.
Zawizah Mohd Zain. Ketidakakuran Sipil dan Impaknya ke Atas Pendemokrasian di Malaysia. Tesis Ph.D. Universiti Kebangsaan Malaysia, 2013.
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Published
2016-06-06
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MASYARAKAT SIPIL MALAYSIA: MOMENTUM DAN KEMUNCULANNYA. (2016). TAJDID: Jurnal Ilmu Ushuluddin, 15(1), 71-86. https://doi.org/10.30631/tjd.v15i1.32
