DIVERSITAS HAYATI is a peer reviewed and open accessed journal that shares and publishes original scientific articles on the research understanding, implementation as well as recent research development in Biology. This journal is managed by the Study Center of Conservation and Biological Resources with UIN Sulthan Thaha Saifuddin Jambi as the publisher.
Diversity of Aerial Insects and their Status in Nagara Sweet Potato (Ipomea batatas L.) Crops in Lebak Swamp
South Kalimantan possesses the potential for extensive wetland swamps that have not been fully utilized optimally for agricultural purposes. One particular commodity that demonstrates adaptability to the unique characteristics of the swamp environment is the Nagara sweet potato (Ipomoea batatas L.). The Nagara sweet potato plantation ecosystem is also a habitat for various types of aerial insects that play an important role in ecosystem balance, both as pests, natural enemies, and bioindicators. The objective of this study is to ascertain the diversity and status of aerial insects in Nagara sweet potato plantations on Lebak swamp land. The research was conducted from May to July of 2024 in Daha Selatan District, Hulu Sungai Selatan Regency. The research method employed was a descriptive exploratory approach, leveraging a purposive sampling technique. The collection of samples was executed through the utilization of sweep nets and yellow traps, followed by identification utilizing an insect determination key book. The results of the study indicated the presence of 12 species of aerial insects, classified into six orders and nine families, with specific details regarding their status. This included two pest species, six natural enemy species, and four bioindicator species. The Shannon diversity index (H') of 0.99 is low, the evenness index (E) of 0.895 is high, the species richness index (R) of 5.176 is high, and the dominance index (D) of 0.099 is low. The high presence of natural enemies suggests that the Nagara sweet potato plantation ecosystem is relatively stable and possesses the capacity for natural pest control. This finding can serve as a foundation for the development of a sustainable agricultural system on Lebak swamp.
DETERMINATION OF TOTAL PHENOLIC CONTENT AND ANTIOXIDANT ACTIVITY OF ETHANOL EXTRACT MATOA LEAVES (Pometia pinnata) BY SOXHLET EXTRACTION
The matoa plant (Pometia pinnata) is one of the medicinal plants frequently used for traditional medicine by the Indonesian community. This research aims to determine the total phenolic content and antioxidant activity of matoa leaf extract obtained through the soxhlet extraction method using 70% ethanol as a solvent. The total phenolic content of the matoa leaf ethanol extract was analyzed using the Folin-Ciocalteu method, and the antioxidant activity was tested using the DPPH method with gallic acid as a comparison compound, measured using a UV-Vis Spectrophotometer. The total phenolic content of the ethanol extract from the soxhlet-extracted matoa leaves at the maximum absorption wavelength of 762 nm was found to be 13.98% b/b. The antioxidant activity test of gallic acid yielded an IC50 of 7.922 µg/mL, and the antioxidant activity of the ethanol extract from the soxhlet-extracted matoa leaves at the maximum absorption wavelength of 521 nm yielded an IC50 of 112.854 µg/mL. Based on the IC50 values, it can be concluded that the antioxidant activity of the ethanol extract from the soxhlet-extracted matoa leaves falls into the moderate category, specifically in the range of 100-150 µg/mL. The equivalence of the antioxidant activity of the matoa leaf ethanol extract to gallic acid is 1:14.2456 mg, meaning that 1 mg of gallic acid is equivalent to 14.2456 mg of matoa leaf ethanol extract.
IDENTIFICATION OF ENDOPHYTE BACTERIA FROM RED BETEL LEAVES (Piper crocatum) WITH 16SrRNA GENE AND ITS ANTIBACTERIAL ACTIVITY
Endophytic bacteria are bacteria that live in plants and produce compounds similar to their hosts, one of which is antimicrobial compounds. Several studies have shown that certain endophytic bacteria can produce chemical compounds that have health effects, especially endophytic bacteria isolated from medicinal plants. Red betel leaves are known to be able to cure various types of diseases. This plant contains secondary metabolites of the flavonoid, alkaloid, tannin, essential oil, and saponin groups where these compounds have antibacterial activity. This study aims to isolate and test the antibacterial activity of endophytic bacteria from red betel leaves against Staphylococcus aureus and Escherichia coli bacteria , as well as to conduct molecular identification using the 16S rRNA gene. The number of endophytic bacteria that were successfully isolated was 4 isolates, namely 1 shoot leaf isolate (PM), 2 young leaf isolates (MM1 and MM2) and 1 old leaf isolate (TM). The results of antibacterial activity testing were carried out on isolates that had been purified using the Kirby-Bauer method , which showed that each isolate had inhibitory activity against the test bacteria Staphyloccocus aureus , namely: PM: 4.03mm, MM1: 12.1mm, MM2: 3.84mm, all of which were classified as weak. While against the test bacteria Escherichia coli did not have antibacterial activity. The results of molecular identification with the 16S rRNA gene showed that the MM1 bacterial isolate was Bacillus thuringiensis .
Article Review: An Exploration of the Potential of Biochar-Based Bifunctional Catalysts as A Renewable Energy-Based Fuel Innovation
Palm oil shells, as biomass waste, have great potential to be used as raw material for biochar-based bifunctional catalysts. The aim of this research is to assess the potential of palm shell-based biochar as a bifunctional catalyst carrier in the conversion of biomass into renewable fuel. The method used is a literature review of various related articles, with a focus on the characteristics of biochar, the incorporation of bimetallic metals, and catalyst performance. The results of the discussion show that biochar from palm oil shells has textural properties that support the distribution of the catalyst metal, with a high surface area and optimal pore volume at a certain pyrolysis temperature. Incorporation of bimetallic metals on the biochar surface increases catalytic activity through synergy between metals, which has the potential to increase efficiency in catalytic reactions such as hydrogenation and deoxidation. In conclusion, palm shell-based biochar can be an effective and environmentally friendly alternative catalyst in converting biomass into renewable fuel, by selecting the right metal composition to optimize catalyst performance and prevent clumping of active components.
Nanoparticle Synthesis of Secang Wood Extract (Caesalpinia sappan L.) as Antibacterial Agent
Abstract. Indonesia is a country rich in various types of plants that can be used as medicinal ingredients, including traditional medicine, herbs, and jamu. The sappanwood plant is one of the widely used plants in traditional medicine. The sappanwood plant contains chemicals such as flavonoids, brazilin, alkaloids, saponins, tannins, phenylpropane, and terpenoids. The need for metabolite compounds has recently increased significantly to overcome resistance to bacteria. Infectious diseases in Indonesia are still among the ten highest diseases, so in 2050 deaths due to antibiotic resistance will reach 10 million per year and become the highest cause of death among other causes. The methodology of this study began with sample preparation, making sappanwood extract, isolating secondary metabolite compounds using preliminary TLC, synthesizing nanoparticles using the ionic gelation method, and testing antibacterial activity using P. acnes and P. aeruginosa bacteria. The results of the study revealed that the synthesis of nanoparticles showed moderate antibacterial activity with an inhibition zone of 8.15 mm against P. acnes and 9.1 mm against P. aeruginosa. In contrast, ethyl acetate extract showed a stronger antimicrobial effect, reaching inhibition zones of 13.02 mm and 19.54 mm, respectively. This indicates that the activity shown is relatively strong due to the difference in concentration used during the study. It is expected that further research can produce a larger antibacterial inhibition zone than ethyl acetate extract.
Article Review: Synthesis of Bifunctional NiCe/Biochar Catalyst From Palm Shell Waste for Steam Reforming Reaction
The use of renewable biomass resources for hydrogen production has gained significant attention due to its environmental benefits and potential to support sustainable energy solutions. This study focuses on synthesizing a bifunctional NiCe/Biochar catalyst derived from palm kernel shell waste for steam reforming reactions. The objective is to address challenges such as tar formation during biomass gasification and improve the efficiency and stability of catalysts. The methods involved literature review and analysis of catalyst synthesis, activation, and application. Results showed that incorporating Ce into Ni/Biochar enhanced stability and hydrogen yield, achieving 86.2% carbon conversion and 64.3% maximum hydrogen production under optimal conditions. The conclusions highlight the NiCe/Biochar catalyst's potential for scalable industrial applications in hydrogen production. Future research is recommended to optimize synthesis methods and scale up production to meet increasing energy demands
Biomass, Catalyst, Hydrogen, NiCe/Biochar, Renewable Energy.
Utilization of Traditional Medicinal Plant Species in Seberang Pebenaan Village, Indragiri Hilir Regency, Riau Province.
Community knowledge about the traditional medicinal plants of Seberang Pebenaan Village has never been published. Traditional medicine is just a memory from parents. If this knowledge is not documented, over time it will slowly disappear, and the next generation will no longer be able to preserve the knowledge about medicinal plants from generation to generation. This research aims to find out the type of plant, how to process medicinal plants. The type of research used is descriptive qualitative with 50 subjects. Data collection techniques using observation sheets, interviews that have been validated by experts according to their field. The results of this research show that there are 25 families of 39 plant species. The part of the organ that is most widely used is the leaves, which are processed by boiling, grating, pounding, kneading, and squeezing directly.
Analysis of Sumatran Orangutan (Pongo abelii) Food Tree Species Based on Variations in Altitude at Ketambe Research Station
Orangutans are a key species in biodiversity that is vital for ecosystem balance. However, the Sumatran Orangutan (Pongo abelii) population is declining due to habitat loss and the reduction of important food trees. This study aims to identify the types of food trees and tree parts consumed by Sumatran Orangutans based on height. Conducted at Ketambe Research Station, the results of the study are presented in the form of posters and teaching materials for reference. Exploratory survey method using line transects at three altitude strata (300-600 masl, 600-900 masl, and 900-1100 masl) with purposive sampling based on the presence of food trees and slope conditions. Data were collected through observation sheets and analyzed descriptively. The findings showed 50 species of food trees at 300-600 masl (60.24%), 34 species at 600-900 masl (40.96%), and 38 species at 900-1100 masl (45.78%). Tree parts consumed include fruits (81.9%), seeds (7.2%), young leaves (1.2%), flowers (1.2%), and various combinations of tree parts. This study is expected to broaden the understanding of Sumatran orangutan food tree species at various altitudes and provide important data for the management of Ketambe Research Station.
ANALYSIS OF MANGROVE DAMAGE AND DIVERSITY IN THE MANGROVE FOREST AREA OF TANJUNG SOLOK VILLAGE, KUALA JAMBI SUB-DISTRICT
Mangrove forests are tropical coastal vegetation communities consisting of several species that are able to grow and develop in muddy tidal areas. Coastal areas have a variety of community activities in utilizing coastal natural resources in the economic sector. Social condition factors and lack of understanding of the functions and benefits of mangroves also affect the damage to mangrove ecosystems. This directly causes ecological impacts that threaten the sustainability of mangrove forests. The purpose of this study was to analyze the damage and diversity of mangroves in the mangrove ecosystem area of Tanjung Solok Village. This research method uses indepth interview techniques, and observation in the field with data collection including documentation and sample identification. The results showed that the damage to mangrove ecosystems in Tanjung Solok Village, Kuala Jambi District was categorized as low or damaged, because the results obtained tree density <1000 trees/ha. This is caused by activity factors and lack of knowledge of the surrounding community. As well as the level of diversity (H') obtained in Tanjung Solok Village, Kuala Jambi District, obtained a value of 2.033. This shows that the level of diversity of mangrove vegetation in Tanjung Solok Village, Kuala Jambi Subdistrict is in the medium category. Keyword: Mangrove diversity, coastal ecosystems, mangrove malfunction
Diversity of Soil Macrofauna in Lembah Harau, West Sumatra
Soil macrofauna constitutes fauna that inhabits both the soil surface and subsurface. Soil macrofauna plays a crucial role in ecosystems by safeguarding soil fertility through the decomposition of organic matter within the soil. Biodiversity is an essential aspect supporting the sustainability of living organisms on Earth. Macrofauna can serve as bioindicators of environmental quality, particularly soil conditions. The presence of soil macrofauna aids in the land recovery process by enhancing the physical, chemical, and biological properties of the soil. The objective of this research is to identify the diversity of soil macrofauna in varying environmental conditions. The employed methodology involves surveys and direct observations conducted in the Lembah Harau Forest Area in the Payakumbuh City of Limapuluh Kota Regency, West Sumatra Province. Sampling is conducted using monoliths in aquatic environments, canopy-covered areas, and open regions. The central portion of the monolith is excavated at depths of 10 cm, 20 cm, and 30 cm successively, followed by hand sorting. The diversity of soil macrofauna discovered falls into the moderate category (H'=2.77) with a macrofauna evenness of 0.726. These values are within the moderate range, indicating a relatively even distribution of soil macrofauna in the surveyed location. The predominant species identified is Ruticulitermes Hesperus.
Diversity of Butterflies in The Papilionoidea Superfamily (Lepidoptera) in Residential Areas Of Jambi City
Butterflies are species with various benefits at each level of ecological niches, including their role as environmental quality bioindicators. The presence of human settlements poses a challenge to maintaining the sustainability of various species, including butterflies. This research aims to determine the diversity and dominance of butterfly species in residential areas in Amuntai, Kota Jambi. Data collection was conducted using an exploratory method by exploring the research location once a week in the morning for two months. In this study, 8 butterfly species were found from 2 families, namely Pieridae consisting of 3 species (Leptosia nina, Eurema hecabe, Appias libythea) and Nymphalidae consisting of 5 species (Neptis hylas, Elymbias nesaea, Junonia hedonia, Junonia orithya, Junonia atlites) with H' value of 1.97 and D value of 0.15.
Isolation of Cellulolytic Bacteria from the Soil Surrounding a Final Landfill Site
Cellulolytic bacteria are capable of producing cellulase enzymes, enabling them to break down cellulose into simpler compounds using cellulose as a growth substrate. These bacteria are commonly found in various environments containing cellulose, such as landfill sites where abundant organic materials are present. This research employed the cup-plate isolation method with the aim of obtaining cellulolytic bacterial isolates from the soil surrounding a final landfill site. Successful isolation of cellulolytic bacteria was achieved from soil samples taken in proximity to the disposal site and cultured using selective CMC media. Two purified isolates were obtained, and their cellulase enzyme activities were examined. Isolate LA2 exhibited higher cellulase enzyme activity than isolate LA1, forming a clear zone index of 0.7778. Further quantitative analysis of isolate LA2 revealed its highest enzyme activity at the fifth minute, measuring 0.098 u/ml with a specific activity of 0.29 u/mg protein. Based on physiological characteristics, Gram staining, and spore staining, isolate bacteria LA2 were identified as Pseudomonas sp.
A Study on the Content of Eco Enzyme from Pineapple Peel (Ananas comosus L.) and Watermelon (Citrullus lanatus)
Fruits widely consumed and cultivated by the Indonesian community include pineapple (Ananas comosus L.) and watermelon (Citrullus lanatus). The utilization of both fruits generates waste in the form of fruit peels. Pineapple and watermelon peels can be utilized as raw materials for eco enzyme production with the addition of water and molasses. Several functions of eco enzyme include serving as a floor cleaner, vegetable and fruit cleaner, insect repellent, and plant fertilizer. Additionally, it functions as a disinfectant due to its alcohol and acetic acid content. The objective of this research is to analyze the eco enzyme product using parameters such as pH, TDS, alcohol content, color, aroma, and final volume. The raw materials for eco enzyme are divided into three groups: 1) pineapple peels; 2) watermelon peels; 3) a mixture of pineapple and watermelon peels. The method involves mixing water, fruit peels, and molasses in a ratio of 10:3:1 and incubating for 30, 60, and 90 days. Based on the research results, the pH values range from 3.4 to 3.6. The TDS values increase for all raw materials except in the group of pineapple peel raw materials. The alcohol content in the eco enzyme product remains unchanged after incubation. The eco enzyme produced exhibits a cloudy brown color on the 90th day of incubation. The aroma produced is characteristic of fermentation, consistent with the concentration of raw materials used. The highest final volume of the eco enzyme product is observed on the 90th day of incubation.
Comparison of soil fertility levels of coffee-based agroforestry land cultivation types based on the QBS-ar soil microarthropod index
Coffee-based agroforestry is a method for dealing with the conversion of forest land into plantations which is considered safe in reducing levels of surface runoff and erosion. This reduction results in lower leaching of trace elements which results in the soil maintaining its fertility. This study aims to evaluate soil fertility in two types of land management in the Ungaran Mountain agroforestry area, Semarang using the QBS-ar soil microarthropod index. Sampling was done in two coffee agroforestry land management types, including Intensive Semirang; Non-Intensive- Gonoharjo. QBS-ar is carried out by taking soil samples, installing a pitfall trap, and extracting using the Tullgren-Funnel method. Microarthropods from sampling results were identified to order level. The soil physical and chemical factors measured are pH, organic matter, soil moisture, and soil temperature. Biological soil quality was analyzed using the procedure for determining the Eco-Morphological Index (EMI) and QBS-ar index values. The research results show that the QBS-ar index value for the Non-Intensive land type (46) has a high level of fertility compared to the Intensive land type (23). The soil organic matter value is intensive (14.4) and non-intensive (17.8) with soil pH values in the three locations ranging from 5.8–6.4.
THE ROLE OF BIOTECHNOLOGY IN PROCESSING JACKFRUIT SEED WASTE TURNS INTO BIOETHANOL
The jackfruit plant is a type of tropical fruit plant that is multifunctional and can be planted in tropical areas at an altitude of less than 1,000 meters above sea level. Research has been carried out on making bioethanol from waste jackfruit seeds (Artocarpus heterophyllus Lamk). This research aims to find out whether jackfruit seed waste can be used as raw material for making biethanol and to determine the effect of pH on the fermentation process. This research used jackfruit seeds which were hydrolyzed with H2SO, 2.5% for 3 hours at a temperature of 70 °C, then the glucose content was measured and fermented at varying pH = 3, 4, 5, and 6 for 48 hours. The highest bioethanol content of jackfruit seeds was achieved during 4 days of fermentation with an alcohol content of 13.19%.
Cultivating Health Cultivating Health: Traditional Alcoholic Drink 'Tuak' as a Potential Functional Drink for Regulating Blood Glucose Levels while Keeping Cultural Significance Intact
This research examines the potential for developing traditional alcoholic drinks using Raru (Cotylelobium melanoxylon Pierre) as an additional ingredient in the fermentation of tuak. Tuak, as a traditional alcoholic drink that is popular in many regions in Indonesia, plays an important cultural role in traditional celebrations. The advantages of palm wine as a traditional alcoholic drink include its natural sweet taste, good nutritional content, low alcohol content and affordable price. By analyzing the potential of Raru as an additional ingredient in making palm wine, this research seeks to develop traditional alcoholic drinks that not only maintain cultural and traditional aspects, but also provide additional health benefits, especially in lowering blood sugar levels, by launching a new product called ' 'RaruReserve: Healthy Tuak”
Traditional Alcoholic Drink 'Tuak' as a Potential Functional Drink for Regulating Blood Glucose Levels while Keeping Cultural Significance Intact
Characterization of Macroscopic Fungi on Leaf Litter in Harau Valley, West Sumatra
Fungi are one of the many types of organisms that play an important role in maintaining the balance and nature of nature. As a tropical country with vast rainforests with a high diversity of macroscopic fungi, biodiversity is an important aspect that supports living systems on earth and maintains the sustainability and evolution of ecosystems. Fungal communities, especially saprophytic fungi, are often neglected in biodiversity inventories in the Harau Valley Area of West Sumatra
Isolation and Characterization of Cellulolytic Bacteria from Soil around Chicken Coop
Bacteria that utilize cellulose as a substrate and convert it into simpler compounds with the help of cellulase enzymes are known as cellulolytic bacteria. Cellulase enzymes are capable of breaking down cellulose into glucose. Cellulolytic bacteria are bacteria that can produce cellulase enzymes and are typically found in areas containing compost, soil rich in leaf litter, as well as agricultural and livestock soils. The aim of this study is to obtain bacterial isolates from soil around a chicken coop. Bacterial isolates from the soil around the chicken coop were cultured on selective CMC media. The successfully isolated bacteria were then purified to obtain single colonies. The obtained single colonies were characterized to determine the type of cellulolytic bacteria that were successfully isolated. Subsequently, testing was conducted to measure the cellulase enzyme activity produced by the obtained isolates. Four isolates of bacteria successfully grew on the selective CMC media. These four isolates were identified as gram-negative bacteria with a rod-shaped cell morphology. Enzyme activity testing was only performed on isolate LD 2, as it exhibited a clear zone indicating enzyme activity. The highest cellulase enzyme activity value was 0.0062 U/mL, with a 30-minute incubation time of the cell supernatant at 37°C, and a specific enzyme activity of 0.1891 U/mg. Based on the conducted research, only one isolate from the soil around the chicken coop exhibited enzyme activity
The Interconnection of Tambakrejo Community's Lifestyle with Heavy Metal Content in Green Mussels (Perna viridis) along the North Coast of Semarang
With the current environmental conditions in the Tambakrejo community, there is a strong interconnection between the levels of heavy metal content in green mussels found in river estuaries and the northern coast of Semarang. The heavy metal content of iron (Fe) in water, sediment, and green mussels (Perna viridis) in the waters of Tanjung Emas, Semarang has been studied in the Journal of Tropical Marine Sciences. These points of contamination result in an interconnection between the lifestyle of the Tambakrejo residents and the heavy metal content in the green mussels consumed by the community. The heavy metal content of Fe in sediments was found to be higher than that in water samples at all stations. The heavy metal content of Lead (Pb) and Chromium (Cr) in green mussels (Perna viridis) in the waters of Morosari, Sayung, Demak Regency was also studied. Tambakrejo is a village chosen as a representative village to investigate the relationship between the community's lifestyle and the heavy metal content present in green mussels along the northern coast of Tanjung Emas, Semarang.
The activities and behavior of several cetaceans show their own characteristics, from dolphins showing various movements to dugongs who like to hug humans. In this study we report and discuss scientific information about the various types of activities and characteristics possessed by animals belonging to the cetaceae. The research method is in the form of a literature review by searching for articles in the database, namely Google Scholar with the year 2003-2021. Articles are searched using keywords that have been determined by the researcher. Keywords for this search included the following terms: activity, behavior in cetaceae, locomotion in dolphins, whales, porpoises, sea lions, and seals. Based on the results of this literature review, we conclude that cetaceae are marine mammals that are quite unique, the activities of cetaceans are very diverse and the activities that are often shown are aerials
The Differences in Adaptation Between Lowland and Highland Populations
Indonesia is an archipelagic country with different characteristics of each island. Indonesian people face various challenges related to their geographical place of residence which can affect their body's adaptation. Apart from being influenced by race and ethnicity, habits and the outside environment greatly affect adaptation in humans. The three most striking areas that experience geographical differences in Indonesian territory are coastal communities, lowland communities and upland communities. Geographical conditions in fact provide differences in the special characteristics of each of its inhabitants. Not only related to physical development, but patterns of daily life can also be affected by differences in geographical conditions. Things that experience differences from the conditions of the population living in the highlands, lowlands and coastal areas include: The amount of hemoglobin in the blood, Food consumption patterns, Physical appearance such as height, skin color and chest shape, Prevalence of diabetes, Daily activity and work and Heart rate and lung capacity. The adaptation made by each resident in different types of geography is a necessity in order to be able to live without experiencing difficulties in carrying out daily activities. As for people in different geographies, they can still live with each other in different ages, but the general characteristics that exist will always be the same as places where they often carry out their daily activities.